Nietzsche and the Nazis Read online

  [106] E.g., Walter Kaufmann 1954, p. 14.

  [107] BGE 264.

  [108] “There is only aristocracy of birth, only aristocracy of blood” (WP 942).

  [109] WP 287. Morality is a social product: it arises “when a greater individual or a collective-individual, for example the society, the state, subjugates all other single ones … and orders them into a unit” (HH 1.99).

  [110] GM II:12.

  [111] WP 982.

  [112] WP 1001.

  [113] Hitler, quoted in Langer, http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/osssection1.htm.

  [114] Z 2:12.

  [115] For example, the great British politician Richard Cobden argued that commerce is “the grand panacea, which, like a beneficent medical discovery, will serve to inoculate with the healthy and saving taste for civilization all the nations of the world” (Cobden 1903, p. 36). Consider also Norman Angell, speaking to the Institute of Bankers in London on January 17, 1912, on “The Influence of Banking on International Relations”: “commercial interdependence, which is the special mark of banking as it is the mark of no other profession or trade in quite the same degree -- the fact that the interest and solvency of one is bound up with the interest and solvency of many; that there must be confidence in the due fulfillment of mutual obligation, or whole sections of the edifice crumble, is surely doing a great deal to demonstrate that morality after all is not founded upon self-sacrifice, but upon enlightened self-interest, a clearer and more complete understanding of all the ties that bind us the one to the other. And such clearer understanding is bound to improve, not merely the relationship of one group to another, but the relationship of all men to all other men, to create a consciousness which must make for more efficient human co-operation, a better human society” (quoted in Keegan 1999, pp. 11-12).

  [116] GM, end of First Essay note.

  [117] BGE 259.

  [118] WP 369.

  [119] Hitler, quoted in Langer, http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/osssection1.htm.

  [120] Schemm, quoted in Mosse 1966 xxxi.

  [121] GS 11.

  [122] EH: “The Birth of Tragedy” 1.

  [123] GM II:16.

  [124] BGE 218.

  [125] Richard Cobden in 1835: “The middle and industrious classes of England can have no interest apart from the preservation of peace. The honours, the fame, the emoluments of war belong not to them; the battle-plain is the harvest-field of the aristocracy, watered with the blood of the people.” Also John Stuart Mill: “It is commerce which is rapidly rendering war obsolete, by strengthening and multiplying the personal interests which are in natural opposition to it” (1909). Again Mill: “Finally, commerce first taught nations to see with good will the wealth and prosperity of one another. Before, the patriot, unless sufficiently advanced in culture to feel the world his country, wished all countries weak, poor, and ill-governed, but his own: he now sees in their wealth and progress a direct source of wealth and progress to his own country. It is commerce which is rapidly rendering war obsolete, by strengthening and multiplying the personal interests which are in natural opposition to it. And it may be said without exaggeration that the great extent and rapid increase of international trade, in being the principal guarantee of the peace of the world, is the great permanent security for the uninterrupted progress of the ideas, the institutions, and the character of the human race” (1909, Book III, Chapter XVII, Section 14).

  [126] Hitler, 1933.

  [127] Z, First Part, “On Free Death”

  [128] HAH 477.

  [129] GM II, 6.

  [130] BGE 251.

  [131] Note for BGE, quoted in Hunt 1991, p. 39.

  [132] BGE 258.

  [133] GS 377.

  [134] D 2 6.

  [135] TI 9:39.

  [136] BGE 251.

  [137] Quoted in Joachim C. Fest, Hitler. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974, p. 533.

  [138] Huber, Verfassungsrecht des grossdeutschen Reiches (Hamburg, 1939), in Raymond E. Murphy, et al., ed., National Socialism, reprinted in Readings on Fascism and National Socialism, selected by Department of Philosophy, University of Colorado. Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1952, p. 90.

  [139] Hitler, “On Idealism and Winning the Masses Over,” in Heinz Lubasz, ed., Fascism: Three Major Regimes. John Wiley & Sons: 1973, pp. 81-82.

  [140] Hitler, Mein Kampf, translated by Ralph Manheim. Houghton Mifflin: 1971, p. 404.

  [141] Goebbels, Michael, in Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom. New York: Rinehart & Company, 1941, p. 233.

  [142] Friedrich von Bernhardi. Germany, the Next War, translated by Allen H. Powles. New York: E. Arnold, 1912, Chapter 5, p. 113.

  [143] Hitler, in interview with Richard Breiting, 1931, published in Edouard Calic, ed., “First Interview with Hitler,” Secret Conversations with Hitler: The Two Newly-Discovered 1931 Interviews. New York: John Day Co., 1971, pp. 31-35.

  [144] Hitler, May 1, 1927; quoted in Toland 1976, p. 306.

  [145] Goebbels, quoted in Orlow 1969, p. 87. And Goebbels 1929, in Mosse ed., 1966, p. 107.

  [146] Goebbels 1932, “Those Damned Nazis” pamphlet.

  [147] Huber, Verfassungsrecht, p. 91.

  [148] Kershaw, Hitler: 1889-1936 Hubris. New York: Norton, 1999, p. 448.

  [149] Cole, “Socialism,” Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1967. Vol. 7, pp. 467-70.

  [150] Heilbroner, Marxism: For and Against. New York: Norton, 1980, p. 169.

  [151] Weber, Varieties of Fascism. D. Van Nostrand, 1964, p. 47.

  [152] Hook, “Home Truths About Marx,” Commentary (September 1978), reprinted in Marxism and Beyond. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1983, p. 117.

  [153] Hayek, The Road to Serfdom. University of Chicago Press, 1944/1994, pp. 184-85.

  [154] Hitler, quoted in Hermann Rauschning, The Voice of Destruction. New York: Putnam, 1940, p. 191.

  [155] Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 382.

  [156] Hitler, Mein Kampf, p. 518.

  [157] Huber, Verfassungsrecht, p. 63.

  [158] Nazi poster/handbill, in Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941, Appendix, p. 541.

  [159] Degrelle, 1943. See Eugen Weber, Varieties of Fascism. D. Van Nostrand, 1964, p. 47. Degrelle was “a leading National Socialist figure, highly regarded by Hitler and by Himmler, speaking for the SS who would later publish and distribute the long speech, with the most revolutionary statements carefully italicized.”

  [160] Hitler, in Breiting, p. 36.

  [161] Hitler, in Breiting, p. 86.

  [162] Hitler, speaking in the Reichstag on January 30, 1939. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/hitler_speech_2.shtml

  [163] Russell, A History of Western Philosophy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1945, p. 685.

  [164] Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762), translated by Donald Cress. Hackett, 1987. Book 1, Section 9.

  [165] Rousseau, The Social Contract, Book 1, Section 7.

  [166] Rousseau, A Discourse on Political Economy, in Discourse on Political Economy; and, The Social Contract, translated by Christopher Betts. Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 7.

  [167] Hitler, quoted in Albert Jay Nock, Our Enemy the State (1935). Reprinted by Libertarian Review Foundation (New York, 1989), p. 10.

  [168] Rousseau, The Social Contract, Book 2, Section 4.

  [169] Hitler, in Breiting, p. 86.

  [170] Rousseau, The Social Contract, Book 2, Section 4.

  [171] Hitler, in Breiting, p. 86.

  [172] Hitler, in Breiting, p. 58.

  [173] Hitler, quoted in Rauschning, p. 186.

  [174] Hitler, quoted in Rauschning, p. 131.

  [175] Marx, “On the Jewish Question,” in Robert Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader. Second edition. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1978, pp. 48, 52.

  [176] Hitler, quoted in Julius Carlebach, Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Judaism. pp. 355-356; see also Praeger and Telushkin, Why the Jews? New York: Simon and S
chuster, 1983, pp. 138-139.

  [177] Hitler, Mein Kampf, pp. 213, 215.

  [178] Lessing, Walking in Shade. Harper Collins, 1997, p. 262.

  [179] Hitler, Main Kampf. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1941, p. 737.

  [180] Thomas Childers, “Lecture 5: The Nazi Breakthrough.” A History of Hitler’s Empire, 2nd ed., lecture series published by The Teaching Company, Chantilly, VA, 2001, minutes 5-6.

  [181] Rocco, “The Political Doctrine of Fascism” (address delivered at Perugia, August 30, 1925), reprinted in Readings on Fascism and National Socialism, selected by Dept. of Philosophy, University of Colorado. Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1952, p. 35.

  [182] In Charles F. Delzell, ed., Mediterranean Fascism: 1919 - 1945. New York: Harper & Row, 1970, p. 94.

  [183] Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism: Fundamental Ideas,” Enciclopedia Italiana, 1932. Reprinted in Heinz Lubasz, ed., Fascism: Three Major Regimes. John Wiley & Sons: 1973, p. 41.

  [184] Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism,” p. 21.

  [185] Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism,” p. 18.

  [186] Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism,” pp. 93-94, 95.

  [187] Rocco, “The Political Doctrine of Fascism” (address delivered at Perugia, August 30, 1925), reprinted in Readings on Fascism and National Socialism, p. 36.

  [188] Mussolini, quoted in Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1993, p. 122.

  [189] Luther, quoted in Murphy 1999, p. 9.

  [190] Kant, quoted in Weiss 1996, p. 67)

  [191] Kant, Streit der Fakultaten, in Werke 11:321, quoted in Paul Lawrence Rose, Revolutionary Antisemitism from Kant to Wagner (Princeton, 1990), p. 96.

  [192] Herder, quoted in Mack, 2003, p. 5.

  [193] Fichte, quoted in Weiss 1996, pp. 72 and 68.

  [194] Arndt, quoted in Weiss 1996, p. 74.

  [195] Hegel. quoted in Weiss 1996, pp. 67 and 66.

  [196] Fries, quoted in Weiss 1996, p. 74.

  [197] Marx, “On The Jewish Question,” http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/. Viewed September 17, 2007.

  [198] Nietzsche, BGE 251.

  [199] Hitler, in interview with Richard Breiting, 1931, published in Edouard Calic, ed., “Second Interview with Hitler,” Secret Conversations with Hitler: The Two Newly-Discovered 1931 Interviews. New York: John Day Co., 1971, p. 86.

  [200] Hitler, in Hermann Rauschning, The Voice of Destruction: Hitler Speaks, as quoted in George Seldes, The Great Thoughts. New York: Ballantine, p. 186.

  [201] Hook, “Home Truths About Marx,” Commentary (September 1978) reprinted in Marxism and Beyond. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1983, p. 117.

  [202] Kant, Critique of Judgment [1790]. Translated by J. H. Bernard (Haffner Press, 1951), § 28.

  [203] Kant, “Speculative Beginning of Human History” [1786]. In Perpetual Peace and Other Essays, translated by Ted Humphrey (Hackett, 1983), 58/121.

  [204] Hegel, The Philosophy of History. Translated by J. Sibree (Prometheus, 1991), p. 32.

  [205] Ranke, quoted in A. J. P. Taylor, “Ranke: The Dedicated Historian.” The Course of German History, A Survey of the Development of Germany since 1815 (Hamish Hamilton, 1945), p. 265.

  [206] Heine, quoted in Darwin P. Kingsley, “Woodrow Wilson and the Doctrine of Sovereignty,” Addresses of the Empire Club of Canada. Delivered October 17, 1918. Also posted at http://www.archive.org/stream/letushavepeaceot00king/letushavepeaceot00king_djvu.txt, viewed November 1, 2009.

  [207] Stirner, quoted in Kingsley 1918.

  [208] Kuhn, quoted in Kingsley 1918.

  [209] Frederick III, quoted in Kingsley 1918.

  [210] Gottberg, quoted in Kingsley 1918.

  [211] Liebmann, quoted in Klaus Christian Köhnke, The Rise of Neo-Kantianism (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 204.

  [212] Nietzsche, The Gay Science, § 290.

  [213] Nietzsche, Human, All-too-Human, § 477.

  [214] Lehmann, quoted in Kingsley 1918.

  [215] Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War [1911], Chapter 3, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11352/11352.txt. Viewed October 15, 2009.

  [216] Chamberlain, quoted in Kingsley 1918.

  [217] Wilhelm II, quoted in Kingsley 1918.

  [218] Tannenberg, quoted in Kingsley 1918.

  [219] Troeltsch, quoted in Arthur Herman, The Idea of Decline (Free Press, 1997), p. 233.

  [220] Scheler, quoted in Helmut Kuhn, “German Philosophy and National Socialism,” The Encyclopedia of Philosophy (MacMillan, 1963), p. 313.

  [221] Mann, quoted in Fritz Stern, The Failure of Illiberalism: Essays on the Political Culture of Modern Germany (A. A. Knopf, 1972), p. 120.

  [222] Mann, quoted in Walter Laqueur, Weimar: A Cultural History, 1918-1933 (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1974), pp. 115-116.

  [223] Heym, quoted in Herman 1997, p. 235.

  [224] Heym, quoted in Laqueur 1974, 115.

  [225] Jünger, quoted in Herman 1997, p. 243.

  [226] Jünger, quoted in Gordon A. Craig, Germany, 1866-1945 (Oxford University Press, 1978), p. 492.

  [227] Jünger, “Feuer” (1922). Excerpted in Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg, eds. The Weimar Republic Sourcebook (University of California Press, 1994), p. 20.

  [228] Spengler, quoted in Otto Friedrich, Before the Deluge: A Portrait of Berlin in the 1920’s (Harper & Row, 1972), p. 351.

  [229] Braun, quoted in Kuhn 1963, p. 313.

  [230] Hill, Nietzsche’s Critiques: the Kantian Foundations of His Thought (Oxford, 2003), p. 27; see also Köhnke, NeoKantianism, pp. 115-24.

  [231] Meinecke, The German Catastrophe. Translated by Sidney B. Fay (Harvard University Press, 1950), p. 15.

  [232] Manchester, The Arms of Krupp (Little, Brown, and Co., 1964), p. 63.

  [233] Gläser, quoted in Craig 1978, p. 340.